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Polonnaruwa is an ancient city in Sri Lanka, renowned for its historical significance and archaeological treasures. Once the country’s second capital after Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa reached its peak between the 11th and 13th centuries and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This fascinating city offers a glimpse into the grandeur of medieval Sri Lanka, with well-preserved monuments, temples, and ancient infrastructure that speak to its once-prosperous civilization.
Polonnaruwa was known in ancient times, but it rose to prominence after the fall of Anuradhapura in 993 CE. Following the destruction of the first capital by South Indian invaders, King Vijayabahu I made Polonnaruwa the capital. He successfully united Sri Lanka by defeating the invaders, making Polonnaruwa the heart of the country’s political and cultural life.
Polonnaruwa flourished under the rule of King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186). During his reign, the city reached its greatest prosperity. Parakramabahu I is known for his impressive military campaigns, administrative reforms, and monumental construction projects. He built numerous temples, palaces, and irrigation systems, including the famous Parakrama Samudraya (Sea of Parakrama), a massive artificial reservoir still in use today.
After the death of Parakramabahu I, Polonnaruwa began to decline. By the 13th century, the capital was moved to Dambulla, and Polonnaruwa was eventually abandoned. The city was left to the forces of nature, and over time, many of its once-glorious structures fell into ruins.
Kirivehera is a large stupa built in honor of Queen Subhadravati, the wife of King Parakramabahu I. The stupa is an important religious site and reflects the rich cultural and religious life of the time.
The Lankatilaka Temple is known for its towering walls and a giant Buddha statue. Constructed by King Parakramabahu I, it is one of the most impressive structures in Polonnaruwa. The temple’s massive, well-preserved architecture offers insight into the grandeur of ancient Sri Lankan temples.
The ruins of an auditorium and library in Polonnaruwa testify to the high level of education and culture in the city. The presence of such institutions highlights the intellectual achievements of the time, further underscoring the city’s significance as a cultural and learning center.
Polonnaruwa is home to some of the most impressive architectural and cultural monuments in Sri Lanka. Today, these ancient ruins stand as a testament to the skill and vision of its rulers.
The Royal Palace of Parakramabahu I was once a magnificent structure with over 1,000 rooms. Though only ruins remain today, visitors can still see massive walls and the foundations of this grand building. The palace was a center of political and royal life during Polonnaruwa’s peak.
Gal Vihara is a complex of four Buddha statues carved out of solid granite. These statues are among the finest examples of Sinhalese sculpture, showcasing the artistry of the time. The statues include a seated Buddha, a standing Buddha, and a reclining Buddha, each representing different postures of meditation and enlightenment.
One of the most impressive feats of engineering from the Polonnaruwa period is the Parakrama Samudraya, an enormous artificial reservoir built by King Parakramabahu I. This irrigation system is still used today for farming and agriculture, demonstrating the advanced water management systems of ancient Sri Lanka.
Today, Polonnaruwa is a major tourist and archaeological hub. As one of Sri Lanka’s most visited UNESCO World Heritage Sites, it attracts researchers, historians, and tourists from around the world. The city’s ruins are spread across a vast area, with well-preserved monuments and landmarks that offer insight into the country’s medieval history and culture.
Many guided tours are available, allowing visitors to explore the main attractions and learn about the fascinating history of Polonnaruwa. The city also serves as an educational center, with scholars studying its ancient infrastructure, artwork, and cultural heritage.
A visit to Polonnaruwa is a journey back in time. The ancient city offers a rare opportunity to explore the remains of a once-thriving civilization. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an art lover, or a spiritual seeker, Polonnaruwa’s impressive ruins provide a glimpse into the grandeur of Sri Lanka’s medieval past. Plan your visit today and discover one of Sri Lanka’s most important archaeological sites.
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